Where we get our information from
How do I know if I can trust this information?
Remember, the information used for this website does NOT replace medical advice. All information is educational and comes from the following evidence-based resources:
Aggar C, Craswell A, Bail K, et al. (2023) Partnering with carers in the management of delirium in general acute care settings: An integrative review. Australas J Ageing. 42(4), 638-648. doi:10.1111/ajag.13229
Aggar C, Craswell A, Bail K, et al. (2024) A Toolkit for Delirium Identification and Promoting Partnerships Between Carers and Nurses: A Pilot Pre--Post Feasibility Study. J Gen Intern Med. DOI:1007/s11606-024-08734-6
Aggar C, Craswell A, Bail K, et al., (2022). Prevention and management of delirium in older Australians: The need for the integration of carers as partners in care. The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific, 27, 100598. doi.org/10.1016/j.lanwpc.2022.100598
Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care. (2021). Delirium clinical care standard. https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/publications-and-resources/resource-library/delirium-clinical-care-standard-revised-2021
Ayala, I. N., Friesen, H., Bellolio, F., Boustani, Z., Pagali, S., Chambers, S., Musey, P., Boustani, M., & Lindroth, H. (2025). A Pilot Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial to Test the Feasibility, Acceptability, and Usability of iPREPARED; A Mobile Health Technology for Patients and Care Partners. Delirium communications. https://doi.org/10.56392/001c.127872
Carers Australia. (2025). Who Is a Carer. Retrieved 5 November 2025 from https://www.carersaustralia.com.au/about-carers/who-is-a-carer/
Krewulak, K., Strayer, K., Jaworska, N., Spence, K., Foster, N., Kupsch, S., Sauro, K., & Fiest, K. M. (2025). Evaluation of the Quality of Delirium Website Content for Patient and Family Education: Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of medical Internet research, 27(3), e53087. https://doi.org/10.2196/53087
Lee‐Steere, K., Mudge, A., Liddle, J., & Bennett, S. (2024). Understanding family carer experiences and perceptions of engagement in delirium prevention and care for adults in hospital: Qualitative systematic review. Journal of clinical nursing, 33(4), 1320--1345. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.16990
Lindroth H, Bratzke L, Twadell S, et al. (2019) Predicting postoperative delirium severity in older adults: The role of surgical risk and executive function. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 34, 1018--1028. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.5104
Lindroth H, Liu K, Szalacha L, et al. (2024) World delirium awareness and quality survey in 2023---a worldwide point prevalence study, Age and Ageing. 53(11), afae248, https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afae248
Nagel, T., Apuatimi, A., Fitz, J. (2007). Delirium. Darwin: Menzies School of Health Research https://www.menzies.edu.au/icms_docs/161599_Delirium.pdf
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2023). Delirium: prevention, diagnosis and management in hospital and long-term care. N. I. f. H. a. C. Excellence. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg103
Nitchingham, A., & Caplan, G. A. (2021). Current Challenges in the Recognition and Management of Delirium Superimposed on Dementia. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment, 17, 1341--1352. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S247957
Ontario Health. (2021). Delirium care for adults. O. Health. https://www.hqontario.ca/Portals/0/documents/evidence/quality-standards/qs-delirium-quality-standard-en.pdf
Ormseth, C. H., LaHue, S. C., Oldham, M. A., Josephson, S. A., Whitaker, E., & Douglas, V. C. (2023). Predisposing and Precipitating Factors Associated With Delirium: A Systematic Review. JAMA network open, 6(1), e2249950--e2249950. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.49950
O'Rourke, G., Parker, D., Anderson, R., Morgan-Trimmer, S., & Allan, L. (2021). Interventions to support recovery following an episode of delirium: A realist synthesis. Aging & Mental Health, 25(10), 1769--1785. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2020.1793902
Raghuraman, S., Richards, E., Mahmoud, A., Morgan-Trimmer, S., Clare, L., Anderson, R., Goodwin, V. A., & Allan, L. (2025). Understanding rehabilitation and support needs after an episode of delirium: a qualitative thematic analysis of interviews with older people with delirium, family carers and healthcare professionals. BMC geriatrics, 25(1), 547--513. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06196-x
Regional Geriatric Program of Toronto. (2024). Guidance on delirium care for older adults in the community. R. G. P. o. Toronto. https://rgptoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Guidance-on-Delirium-Care-for-Older-Adults-in-the-Community-V1-2024.pdf
Shulman, R. W., Kalra, S., & Jiang, J. Z. (2016). Validation of the Sour Seven Questionnaire for screening delirium in hospitalized seniors by informal caregivers and untrained nurses. BMC geriatrics, 16(1), 44. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-016-0217-2
Sikandar H. Khan, Chenjia Xu, Russell Purpura, et al. (2020) Decreasing Delirium Through Music: A Randomized Pilot Trial. Am J Crit Care 29 (2): e31--e38. doi: https://doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2020175
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